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Fedde Schurer (Frisian pron. (ˈskyːrər ); Dutch pron. (ˈsxyːrər )) (Drachten, 25 July 1898 – Heerenveen, 19 March 1968)〔(Fedde Schurer in the ''Digitale Bibliotheek voor de Nederlandse Letteren'' ("Digital Library for Dutch Literature") )〕 was a Dutch schoolteacher, journalist, language activist and politician,〔Klaes Dykstra and Bouke Oldenhof, ''Lyts Hânboek fan de Fryske Literatuer'', Leeuwarden (Afûk), 1997, p. 92〕 and one of the most influential poets in the West Frisian language of the 20th century.〔Johanneke Liemburg, ''Fedde Schurer (1898–1968): Biografie van een Friese Koerier'', Leeuwarden (Friese Pers/Noordboek), 2010〕〔(Fedde Schurer in the ''Biografisch Woordenboek van het Socialisme en de Arbeidersbeweging in Nederland'' ("Biografical Dictionary of Socialism and the Workers' Movement in the Netherlands") )〕 ==Life and career== From 1904 on,〔(Fedde Schurer in the ''Biografisch Woordenboek van het Socialisme en de Arbeidersbeweging in Nederland'' )〕 Schurer grew up in the Frisian fishing village of Lemmer,〔Fedde Schurer, ''De Besleine Spegel'', Amsterdam (Moussault's Uitgeverij N.V.), 1969, pp. 18–30〕 and from a young age worked as a carpenter.〔Fedde Schurer, ''De Besleine Spegel'', Amsterdam (Moussault's Uitgeverij N.V.), 1969, pp. 31–41〕 Through self-education in the evenings he studied to become a schoolteacher, and in 1919, he was appointed in that position to the local Christian elementary school in Lemmer.〔(Fedde Schurer in the ''Biografisch Woordenboek van het Socialisme en de Arbeidersbeweging in Nederland'' )〕 His wife Willemke "Willy" de Vries, who was also a schoolteacher, and his colleague at this school, he had actually met when he was still a carpenter's apprentice, as she was the girl who delivered the newspaper at the carpenter's workshop everyday.〔Fedde Schurer, ''De Besleine Spegel'', Amsterdam (Moussault's Uitgeverij N.V.), 1969, p. 49〕 Schurer and Willy were married on 1 July 1924.〔(Fedde Schurer in the ''Biografisch Woordenboek van het Socialisme en de Arbeidersbeweging in Nederland'' )〕 In 1930, his openly pacifist stance caused Schurer to lose his job, after which he moved to Amsterdam, where he was appointed to a state-run school.〔Fedde Schurer, ''De Besleine Spegel'', Amsterdam (Moussault's Uitgeverij N.V.), 1969, pp. 65–96〕〔(Fedde Schurer in the ''Biografisch Woordenboek van het Socialisme en de Arbeidersbeweging in Nederland'' )〕 He was a talented orator, and his pacifist and socialist views were seen as a danger to society at that time, which is why the BVD, the Dutch secret service, started a file om him.〔Fedde Schurer, ''De Besleine Spegel'', Amsterdam (Moussault's Uitgeverij N.V.), 1969, p. 89〕〔(Short biography of Schurer ) (below the headline ''Talentvol en gevaarlijk spreker'': "In a BVD file Schurer is seen as "Talented and dangerous orator, especially dangerous to young people.")〕 Schurer joined the Christian-Democratic Union (CDU), a Christian-socialist splinter party, and in 1935–1936 he served as a member of the provincial assembly of North Holland for a year.〔(Fedde Schurer in the ''Biografisch Woordenboek van het Socialisme en de Arbeidersbeweging in Nederland'' )〕 In World War II he was involved with the Dutch resistance in Amsterdam, where his house was used as a temporary hiding place for people wanted by the Nazis, before they could be smuggled out of the city.〔Fedde Schurer, ''De Besleine Spegel'', Amsterdam (Moussault's Uitgeverij N.V.), 1969, pp. 126–134〕 After the war, Schurer returned to Friesland, where he lived in Heerenveen, and worked as a journalist.〔Fedde Schurer, ''De Besleine Spegel'', Amsterdam (Moussault's Uitgeverij N.V.), 1969, pp. 148–152〕〔(Fedde Schurer in the ''Biografisch Woordenboek van het Socialisme en de Arbeidersbeweging in Nederland'' )〕〔Peter R. Boomsma, ''Kneppelfreed'', Franeker (Uitgeverij Van Wijnen), 1998, pp. 16–19〕 Like most people from Friesland, he was a native Frisian speaker, and from a young age he had been an ardent supporter of his mother tongue.〔Fedde Schurer, ''De Besleine Spegel'', Amsterdam (Moussault's Uitgeverij N.V.), 1969, pp. 54–56〕 When in several court cases in Friesland in 1950 and 1951 the judge denied the defendants the right to speak Frisian,〔Peter R. Boomsma, ''Kneppelfreed'', Franeker (Uitgeverij Van Wijnen), 1998, pp. 24–27, 33/34〕 Schurer wrote a sharply worded editorial rebuke in the ''Friese Koerier'' newspaper.〔Fedde Schurer, ''De Besleine Spegel'', Amsterdam (Moussault's Uitgeverij N.V.), 1969, pp. 164–166〕〔Peter R. Boomsma, ''Kneppelfreed'', Franeker (Uitgeverij Van Wijnen), 1998, pp. 34–36〕 He was then charged with slandering the judge, and had to appear in court on Friday, 16 November 1951, in the provincial capital of Leeuwarden, together with another journalist, Tsjebbe de Jong, who stood accused of the same offence.〔Peter R. Boomsma, ''Kneppelfreed'', Franeker (Uitgeverij Van Wijnen), 1998, pp. 37/38〕 On the Zaailand square, in front of the Leeuwarden Palace of Justice, a large crowd gathered that day. There were some supporters of Schurer (among them renowned Frisian authors like Douwe Tamminga, Anne Wadman and Eeltsje Boates Folkertsma), some Frisian nationalists, members of the Frisian-language press (who weren't allowed in the court-room) and a group of students carrying plackards, but it happened to be market day that day, and a lot of the people there were simply market goers who came over to see what all the fuss was about.〔Peter R. Boomsma, ''Kneppelfreed'', Franeker (Uitgeverij Van Wijnen), 1998, pp. 44–47〕 Through inept crowd control by the police〔Peter R. Boomsma, ''Kneppelfreed'', Franeker (Uitgeverij Van Wijnen), 1998, pp. 47–49〕 the situation got completely out of hand and turned into a riot known as ''Kneppelfreed'' ("Baton Friday", after the batons used by the police).〔Fedde Schurer, ''De Besleine Spegel'', Amsterdam (Moussault's Uitgeverij N.V.), 1969, pp. 168–170〕〔Peter R. Boomsma, ''Kneppelfreed'', Franeker (Uitgeverij Van Wijnen), 1998, pp. 49–53〕 Something like this was unheard of in sleepy Dutch post-war society, and the event triggered angry protest meetings throughout Friesland.〔Fedde Schurer, ''De Besleine Spegel'', Amsterdam (Moussault's Uitgeverij N.V.), 1969, pp. 170–171〕〔Peter R. Boomsma, ''Kneppelfreed'', Franeker (Uitgeverij Van Wijnen), 1998, pp. 54–60 and 65–68〕 The story even made headlines in the foreign press,〔Fedde Schurer, ''De Besleine Spegel'', Amsterdam (Moussault's Uitgeverij N.V.), 1969, p. 177〕 and questions were raised in the ''Tweede Kamer'', the Dutch lower house of parliament.〔Peter R. Boomsma, ''Kneppelfreed'', Franeker (Uitgeverij Van Wijnen), 1998, pp. 68–74〕 Under pressure to resolve the situation, the national government in The Hague sent a committee consisting of three ministers to Friesland to confer with the Frisian leaders,〔Peter R. Boomsma, ''Kneppelfreed'', Franeker (Uitgeverij Van Wijnen), 1998, pp. 76–78〕 which eventually led to changes in the national laws (in 1955 and 1956), making it possible for Frisians to speak their own language in the court of law and giving the Frisian language in the Province of Friesland the official status of ''tweede rijkstaal'' ("second national language").〔Fedde Schurer, ''De Besleine Spegel'', Amsterdam (Moussault's Uitgeverij N.V.), 1969, pp. 174–183〕〔Peter R. Boomsma, ''Kneppelfreed'', Franeker (Uitgeverij Van Wijnen), 1998, pp. 99–107〕 ''Kneppelfreed'' is considered one of the most important milestones in the emancipation of the West Frisian language.〔Peter R. Boomsma, ''Kneppelfreed'', Franeker (Uitgeverij Van Wijnen), 1998, p. 9〕 As for Schurer, he lost his case, and after the appeal he had to pay a fine.〔Fedde Schurer, ''De Besleine Spegel'', Amsterdam (Moussault's Uitgeverij N.V.), 1969, pp. 163–168 and 171–173〕〔Peter R. Boomsma, ''Kneppelfreed'', Franeker (Uitgeverij Van Wijnen), 1998, pp. 39–44 and 82–92〕 He served from 1956 to 1963 as a member of the Dutch national parliament for the Dutch Labour Party.〔(Fedde Schurer in the ''Biografisch Woordenboek van het Socialisme en de Arbeidersbeweging in Nederland'' )〕 He also continued to win acclaim as a poet.〔Klaes Dykstra and Bouke Oldenhof, ''Lyts Hânboek fan de Fryske Literatuer'', Leeuwarden (Afûk), 1997, p. 92〕 In fact, although Schurer is known as both a writer and a poet, his body of prose, consisting only of the short story collection ''Beam en Bast'' (1963) and his posthumously published autobiography ''De Besleine Spegel'' (1969), is diminutive when compared to his poetry oeuvre.〔Klaes Dykstra and Bouke Oldenhof, ''Lyts Hânboek fan de Fryske Literatuer'', Leeuwarden (Afûk), 1997, p. 92〕 Schurer also wrote two plays, ''Simson'' (1945, about the Biblical figure of Samson), and ''Bonifatius'' (1954, about Saint Boniface). Active also as a translator, he was responsible for the Frisian text of the ''Book of Esther'' in the New Frisian Bible Translation, while in 1931 he published a collection of poetry written by Heinrich Heine, which hy had translated into Frisian.〔Klaes Dykstra and Bouke Oldenhof, ''Lyts Hânboek fan de Fryske Literatuer'', Leeuwarden (Afûk), 1997, p. 92-93〕 Fedde Schurer died in Heerenveen, in 1968,〔(Fedde Schurer in the ''Digitale Bibliotheek voor de Nederlandse Letteren'' )〕 and was survived by his wife and their adopted son Andries.〔(Biography of Fedde Schurer )〕 In 2010, the first comprehensive biography on Schurer was published, titled ''Fedde Schurer (1898–1968): Biografie van een Friese Koerier'', written in Dutch by Johanneke Liemburg, the mayor of Littenseradiel.〔(''Fedde Schurer: Een Doorbraakfiguur'', bulletin of the University of Groningen, 16 March 2010 )〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Fedde Schurer」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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